Burden and Characteristics of Anemia in Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Public Sector Hospital in Karachi

Abstract

Background: Anemia in pregnancy remains a major health concern, especially in developing countries. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type, significantly contributing to maternal and neonatal complications. This study aimed to evaluate the hematological profile and determine the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women attending a public hospital in Karachi, Pakistan.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 45 third trimester pregnant women. Blood samples were analyzed for hematological parameters. Participants were grouped as anemic or non-anemic based on WHO criteria (Hb <11.0 g/dL). Statistical analysis included Mann–Whitney U test and Cohen’s d to compare hematological differences between groups.

Results: Two-thirds (66.7%) of participants were found to be anemic. The mean hemoglobin level was 10.2± 1.78 g/dL, with significantly lower levels (p = 1 × 10⁻⁵) in the anemic group. Significant differences (p < 0.05), were also observed in RBC count, PCV, MCH, and MCHC suggesting hypochromia, commonly associated with iron deficiency. MCV differences were not statistically significant, indicating the mixed-type or early-stage anemia.

Conclusion: The study highlights a high prevalence of anemia in pregnancy. Routine red cell indices and timely iron supplementation during antenatal care, are critical in reducing the associated health risks in both mothers and their infants.